功利主义

 功利主义

David Ball

Table of contents

功利主义 代表一个链条或 哲学理论,试图通过行动的后果了解伦理和道德的基础 .

See_also: 梦见纹身是什么意思?

约翰-斯图尔特-米尔 (1806-1873) e 杰里米-本瑟姆 (1748-1832) -,功利主义被描述为一种示范性的道德和伦理哲学体系,其中 只有当一种态度的效果促进了普遍的福利时,才能被认为是道德上的正确。 .

换句话说,如果一个行动的结果对大多数人来说是负面的,那么这个行动就会受到道德上的谴责。

功利主义的偏向是追求快乐,追求有用的行动,追求幸福。

功利主义重视对能够为有情众生(那些有意识地有感觉的众生)提供福祉的行动和结果的调查。

经验性的 这样一来,人就拥有了调节和选择自己行为的能力,使之有可能并有意识地实现快乐,反对苦难和痛苦。

事实上,为了了解功利主义是否涵盖了与其他有生命的生物,如动物,也有联系的后果,或者它是否是人类独有的东西,人们进行了许多辩论。

通过这个推理,我们很容易注意到,功利主义是自私的反面,因为行动的后果注重的是整体的幸福,而不是个人利益。

See_also: 梦见莴苣是什么意思?

功利主义以后果为基础,不考虑代理人的动机(不管是好的还是坏的),毕竟这样的代理人的行为如果被认为是消极的,就会带来积极的后果,反之亦然。

尽管它是由英国哲学家米尔和边沁广泛倡导的,但功利主义思想早在古希腊时期的哲学家伊壁鸠鲁就已涉及。

另见: 现代哲学的含义 .

功利主义的原则

功利主义思想包含了应用于社会生活各个领域的原则,如政治、经济、法律等。

因此,主要 功利主义的基本原则 是:

  • 福祉原则: 在这个原则中,"善 "被确定为福祉,也就是说,道德行动的目标应该是福祉,无论在什么层面(智力、身体和道德)。
  • 结果主义: 原则表明,行为的后果是判断这种行为的道德的唯一永久依据,也就是说,道德将由行为产生的后果来判断。

正如所评论的,功利主义对道德代理人不感兴趣,而是对行动感兴趣,毕竟代理人的道德品质并不影响行动的道德 "水平"。

  • 汇总原则: 该原则考虑到某一行动所造成的福祉的数量,重视大多数人,鄙视或 "牺牲 "某些 "少数人",因为他们没有以同样的方式受益于大多数人。

基本上,这一原则描述了对所产生的福利数量的关注,"牺牲少数人 "以确保和增加整体福利是有效的。

就是那句话,"一些人的不幸被其他人的福祉所平衡"。 如果最后的补偿是积极的,那么该行为就被判定为道德上的善。

  • 优化原则: 在这一原则中,功利主义要求实现一般福利的最大化,也就是说,它不是可有可无的东西,而是被视为一种责任;
  • 公正性和普遍性: 该原则描述了个人的痛苦或幸福之间没有区别,表明在功利主义面前人人平等。

这意味着快乐和痛苦被认为是同等重要的,无论受影响的个人是什么。

在整体福祉分析中,每个人的福祉都被赋予同等的权重。

作为对功利主义的批评和反对形式,出现了各种思想路线和理论。

一个例子来自于德国哲学家伊曼纽尔-康德,他以 "绝对命令 "的概念问道,功利主义是否与自私的态度有关,因为所引起的行动和后果通常取决于个人倾向。

David Ball

David Ball is an accomplished writer and thinker with a passion for exploring the realms of philosophy, sociology, and psychology. With a deep curiosity about the intricacies of the human experience, David has dedicated his life to unraveling the complexities of the mind and its connection to language and society.David holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from a prestigious university where he focused on existentialism and the philosophy of language. His academic journey has equipped him with a profound understanding of human nature, allowing him to present complex ideas in a clear and relatable manner.Throughout his career, David has authored numerous thought-provoking articles and essays that delve into the depths of philosophy, sociology, and psychology. His work scrutinizes diverse topics such as consciousness, identity, social structures, cultural values, and the mechanisms that drive human behavior.Beyond his scholarly pursuits, David is revered for his ability to weave intricate connections between these disciplines, providing readers with a holistic perspective on the dynamics of the human condition. His writing brilliantly integrates philosophical concepts with sociological observations and psychological theories, inviting readers to explore the underlying forces that shape our thoughts, actions, and interactions.As the author of the blog of abstract - Philosophy,Sociology and Psychology, David is committed to fostering intellectual discourse and promoting a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between these interconnected fields. His posts offer readers an opportunity to engage with thought-provoking ideas, challenge assumptions, and expand their intellectual horizons.With his eloquent writing style and profound insights, David Ball is undoubtedly a knowledgeable guide in the realms of philosophy, sociology, and psychology. His blog aims to inspire readers to embark on their own journeys of introspection and critical examination, ultimately leading to a better understanding of ourselves and the world around us.